ABSTRACT
Background: Ozone exposure could increase lung damage induced by airborne particulate matter. Particulate matter lung toxicity has been attributed to its metallic content. Aim: To evaluate the acute effect of intratracheal administration of copper sulfate (CuSO4) on rat lungs previously damaged by a chronic intermittent ozone exposure. Material and Methods: Two-months-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0.5 ppm ozone four h per day, five days a week, during two months. CuSO4 was intratracheally instilled 20 h after ozone exposure. Controls breathed filtered air or were instilled with 0.9% NaCl or with CuSO4 or were only exposed to ozone. We evaluated lung histopathology. F2 isoprostanes were determined in plasma. Cell count, total proteins, γ glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatases (AP) were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Results: Ozone increased total cell count, macrophages, proteins and AP in BALF (p < 0.05), and induced pulmonary neutrophil inflammation. CuSO4 plus air increased plasma F2 isoprostane levels and total cell count, neutrophils and proteins in BALF (p < 0.05). Histopathology showed foamy macrophages. Ozone plus CuSO4 exposed animals showed a neutrophil inflammatory lung response and an increase in total cell count, proteins, GGT and AP in BALF (p < 0.05). Foamy and pigmented alveolar macrophages were detected in all lungs of these animals (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Intratracheal instillation of a single dose of CuSO4 in rats previously subjected to a chronic and intermittent exposure to ozone induces a neutrophil pulmonary inflammatory response and cytoplasmic damage in macrophages.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Ozone/toxicity , Pneumonia/prevention & control , Copper Sulfate/administration & dosage , Pneumonia/chemically induced , Pneumonia/pathology , Time Factors , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Models, Animal , Disease Models, Animal , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Lung/pathologyABSTRACT
Summary Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the association between expo sure to air pollutants and hospitalization for pneumonia among children in a medium-sized city located in the sugar cane plantation region of São Paulo State. Methods: An ecological time-series study was conducted with daily data of hospi talization for pneumonia including children aged 10 years or younger living in Ar araquara, state of São Paulo, from January 1st, 2010, to November 30th, 2012. To es timate the association between hospitalization due to pneumonia and particulate pollutants with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm, nitrogen dioxide and ozone, relative risks for hospitalization according to a generalized additive model of Pois son regression, with Lags of up to five days, were calculated. A percentage increase (PI) was obtained for relative risk (IRR - increase on relative risk) of hospitalization at each 10 µg/m3 increment in each air pollutants adjusted for the remaining. Results: A total of 234 hospitalizations were recorded during these three years. There was a strong association between hospitalization and PM10 and NO2. The PI in relative risk was 15% to PM10 in Lag 0 and 7% points in Lag 1 for NO2. Conclusion: There was evidence of the action of air pollutants on hospitaliza tion for pneumonia in a medium-sized city located in a region affected by air pollution from sugarcane burning and the data presented here provide subsi dies for the implementation of public policies aiming to decrease this risk.
Resumo Objetivo: estimar a associação entre exposição a poluentes atmosféricos e internações por pneumonia em crianças de uma cidade de médio porte em região de plantio de cana-de-açúcar no Estado de São Paulo. Métodos: estudo ecológico de séries temporais com dados de internação por pneumonia em crianças com até 10 anos de idade residentes em Araraquara, SP, de 1 de janeiro de 2010 a 30 de novembro de 2012. Para estimar a associação entre internações por pneumonia e material particulado (MP) com diâmetro aerodinâmico inferior a 10 µm, dióxido de nitrogênio e ozônio, foram calculados os riscos relativos para internação segundo modelo aditivo generalizado de regressão de Poisson, com defasagens de até cinco dias. Foi obtido o aumento percentual (ppt) no risco relativo (ARR - aumento no risco relativo) para internação segundo aumento de 10 µg/m3 para cada poluente ajustado para os demais. Resultados: registraram-se 234 internações nos três anos de estudo. Houve forte associação entre as internações e o MP10 e o NO2. O ARR foi de 15 ppt para MP10 no mesmo dia da exposição e de 7 ppt no primeiro dia após a exposição ao NO2. Conclusão: houve evidências da ação de poluentes do ar sobre internações por pneumonia em uma cidade de médio porte em região afetada por poluição do ar decorrente de queima da palha da cana-de-açúcar. Os dados apresentados fornecem subsídios para implantação de políticas públicas visando à diminuição desses riscos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Patient Admission/statistics & numerical data , Pneumonia/etiology , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Ozone/toxicity , Time Factors , Brazil , Risk Factors , Age Factors , Incineration , Risk Assessment , Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects , Saccharum , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Nitrogen Dioxide/toxicityABSTRACT
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the toxicological risk of exposure to ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) among schoolchildren.. METHODS Toxicological risk assessment was used to evaluate the risk of exposure to O3 and PM2.5 from biomass burning among schoolchildren aged six to 14 years, residents of Rio Branco, Acre, Southern Amazon, Brazil. We used Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the potential intake dose of both pollutants. RESULTS During the slash-and-burn periods, O3 and PM2.5 concentrations reached 119.4 µg/m3 and 51.1 µg/m3, respectively. The schoolchildren incorporated medium potential doses regarding exposure to O3 (2.83 μg/kg.day, 95%CI 2.72-2.94). For exposure to PM2.5, we did not find toxicological risk (0.93 μg/kg.day, 95%CI 0.86-0.99). The toxicological risk for exposure to O3 was greater than 1 for all children (QR = 2.75; 95%CI 2.64-2.86). CONCLUSIONS Schoolchildren were exposed to high doses of O3 during the dry season of the region. This posed a toxicological risk, especially to those who had previous diseases.
RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar os riscos toxicológicos da exposição ao ozônio (O3) e a partículas finas (PM2,5) em escolares. MÉTODOS Avaliação do risco toxicológico foi aplicada para verificar o risco de exposição ao O3 e PM2,5 a partir da queima de biomassa, em escolares de seis a 14 anos, moradores de Rio Branco, Acre, no sul da Amazônia. Nós usamos a simulação de Monte Carlo para estimar a dose potencial de ingresso do poluente. RESULTADOS As concentrações de O3 e PM2,5 atingiram 119,4 mg/m3 e 51,1 mg/m3, respectivamente, durante os períodos de queimadas. Os escolares incorporaram doses potenciais médias relativas à exposição ao O3 (2,83 μg/kg.dia, IC95% 2,72-2,94). Para a exposição a PM2,5, não encontramos risco toxicológico (0,93 μg/kg.dia; IC95% 0,86-0,99). O O3 apresentou risco toxicológico maior que 1 para todas as crianças (Quociente de Risco [QR] = 2,75; IC95% 2,64-2,86). CONCLUSÕES Escolares são expostos a altas doses de O3 durante a estação seca. Isso representa risco toxicológico, principalmente para aqueles com agravos à saúde pregressa.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology , Air Pollutants/analysis , Particulate Matter/analysis , Fires , Ozone/analysis , Ozone/toxicity , Respiratory Tract Diseases/chemically induced , Brazil/epidemiology , Risk Assessment , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Air Pollution/analysis , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Environmental Exposure , Particulate Matter/toxicityABSTRACT
Exposure to nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by burning fossil fuels has been associated with respiratory diseases. We aimed to estimate the effects of NOx exposure on mortality owing to respiratory diseases in residents of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil, of all ages and both sexes. This time-series ecological study from August 1, 2011 to July 31, 2012 used information on deaths caused by respiratory diseases obtained from the Health Department of Taubaté. Estimated daily levels of pollutants (NOx, particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide) were obtained from the Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. These environmental variables were used to adjust the multipollutant model for apparent temperature. To estimate association between hospitalizations owing to asthma and air pollutants, generalized additive Poisson regression models were developed, with lags as much as 5 days. There were 385 deaths with a daily mean (±SD) of 1.05±1.03 (range: 0-5). Exposure to NOx was significantly associated with mortality owing to respiratory diseases: relative risk (RR)=1.035 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.008-1.063) for lag 2, RR=1.064 (95%CI: 1.017-1.112) lag 3, RR=1.055 (95%CI: 1.025-1.085) lag 4, and RR=1.042 (95%CI: 1.010-1.076) lag 5. A 3 µg/m3 reduction in NOx concentration resulted in a decrease of 10-18 percentage points in risk of death caused by respiratory diseases. Even at NOx concentrations below the acceptable standard, there is association with deaths caused by respiratory diseases.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Nitric Oxide/toxicity , Respiration Disorders/etiology , Respiration Disorders/mortality , Air Pollution/analysis , Brazil/epidemiology , Carbon Monoxide/toxicity , Ozone/toxicity , Poisson Distribution , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Risk , ThermosensingABSTRACT
Exposure to air pollutants is associated with hospitalizations due to pneumonia in children. We hypothesized the length of hospitalization due to pneumonia may be dependent on air pollutant concentrations. Therefore, we built a computational model using fuzzy logic tools to predict the mean time of hospitalization due to pneumonia in children living in São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil. The model was built with four inputs related to pollutant concentrations and effective temperature, and the output was related to the mean length of hospitalization. Each input had two membership functions and the output had four membership functions, generating 16 rules. The model was validated against real data, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to evaluate model performance. The values predicted by the model were significantly correlated with real data. Sulfur dioxide and particulate matter significantly predicted the mean length of hospitalization in lags 0, 1, and 2. This model can contribute to the care provided to children with pneumonia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Fuzzy Logic , Length of Stay , Pneumonia/etiology , Brazil , Cold Temperature , Computer Simulation , Humidity , Ozone/toxicity , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Pneumonia/epidemiology , ROC Curve , Sulfur Dioxide/toxicityABSTRACT
El ozono, de gran poder oxidante ha demostrado propiedades terapéuticas, pero es potencialmente tóxico. El propósito de este trabajo fue identificar las consideraciones a tener en cuenta para garantizar la seguridad durante la ozonoterapia estomatológica. Se realizó la investigación en dos etapas: primero revisión bibliográfica consultándose 38 publicaciones científicas de las bases de datos Hinari, Cochrane, Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo, Dynamed, EBSCOH disponibles a través de la Red de Infomed, (2005-2012), seleccionándose 27. Segunda etapa: se aplicaron métodos teóricos de análisis y síntesis e inducción y deducción, teniendo en cuenta los fundamentos teóricos de la literatura revisada así como la experiencia acumulada por los autores después de más de 15 años de emplear la ozonoterapia, para determinar los criterios necesarios en cuanto a la seguridad de los sujetos. Se evidenció que el ozono es seguro, siempre y cuando se use según la dosis terapéutica adecuada. Se determinaron consideraciones a tener en cuenta en cuanto al ambiente, operador, paciente, instrumentos y materiales, indicaciones, exámenes complementarios, legalidad e investigaciones. Se requieren más ensayos clínicos para fundamentar a través de la estomatología basada en la evidencia, el papel de la ozonoterapia estomatológica(AU)
Ozone is an element of great oxidative power that has shon its therapeutic properties, but it is potentially toxic. To identify the parameters to guarantee safety during the treatment with ozone in the dental clinic. A research study was performed in two phases: firstly, literature review of 38 scientific publications in Hinari, Cochrane, Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo, Dynamed, EBSCOH databases through Infomed net(2005-2012) in which 27 papers were selected. Secondly, theoretical methods of analysis and synthesis as well as induction and deduction were applied, taking into account the accumulated experience by authors after more than 15 years of using ozone therapy in dental clinic, in order to find out the necessary criteria on safety of subjects. For the purpose of guaranteeing safety in ozone therapy for dental use, it is necessary to have informed consent of patient, to observe weather conditions to schedule consultation at the most suitable time, to avail of an ozone concentration equipment, to keep saliva ejector or other disposal method, to comply with the ozone equipment standards set by the manufacturer, to stop giving treatment if there is any adverse reaction to ozone and to register any event in the medical history, and to develop controlled clinical and randomized assay protocols on this topic and to publish the final results. Ozone is safe provided that it is used according to the established norms and appropriate therapeutic dose. Some parameters were identified to keep in mind for the ozone therapy in dental clinic. More clinical assays are required to justify the role of the dental ozone therapy, through evidence-based odontology(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Oral Medicine/methods , Ozone/standards , Ozone/therapeutic use , Review Literature as Topic , Databases, Bibliographic , Ozone/toxicityABSTRACT
This study aims to assess the effects air pollution on hospitalization due to hypertension. An ecological study was conducted using data regarding hospitalizations due to hypertension in São José dos Campos, State of São Paulo, Brazil between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2010. The pollutants analyzed by this study were particulate matter, sulfur dioxide and ozone. A significant association between exposure to particulate matter and hospitalization due to hypertension was identified using Poisson regression with lags of up to four days. Relative risk of hospital admission ranged between 1,009 and 1,019. A 10μg/m³ increase in concentration of particulate matter was associated with a 13% increase in risk of hospitalization.
Alguns dos efeitos da poluição ambiental na saúde humana são conhecidos, destacando aqueles no sistema cardiovascular. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estimar esses efeitos nas internações por hipertensão arterial. Foi um estudo ecológico realizado com dados de internações da cidade de São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brasil, relativos aos diagnósticos de hipertensão arterial, entre 1o de janeiro de 2007 e 31 de dezembro de 2010. Os poluentes estudados foram material particulado, dióxido de enxofre e ozônio. Utilizando-se de modelo linear generalizado da regressão de Poisson e defasagens de até quatro dias, foi possível identificar associação significativa entre a exposição ao material particulado e a internação por hipertensão, com os riscos variando entre 1.009 e 1.019; aumento de 10μg/m³ desse poluente aumenta o risco de internação em até 13%. Assim, foi possível identificar o material particulado, no modelo multipoluente, como associado à internação por hipertensão arterial numa cidade de porte médio, como São José dos Campos.
Algunos de los efectos de la contaminación ambiental en la salud humana son conocidos, destacando aquellos en nuestro sistema cardiovascular. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo estimar esos efectos en los internamientos por hipertensión arterial. Se trató de un estudio ecológico, realizado con datos de internamientos de la ciudad de São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brasil, relativos a los diagnósticos de hipertensión arterial, entre el 1o de enero de 2007 y el 31 de diciembre de 2010. Los contaminantes estudiados fueron material particulado, dióxido de azufre y ozono. Se utilizó un modelo lineal generalizado de regresión de Poisson y desfases de hasta cuatro días; fue posible identificar una asociación significativa entre la exposición al material particulado y el internamiento por hipertensión con los riesgos, variando entre 1.009 y 1.019; el aumento de 10µg/m3 de ese contaminante aumenta el riesgo de internamiento en hasta un 13%. Así, fue posible identificar el material particulado, en el modelo multicontaminante, como asociado al internamiento por hipertensión arterial en una ciudad de porte medio, como São José dos Campos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Hypertension/etiology , Ozone/toxicity , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Sulfur Dioxide/toxicity , Air Pollutants/analysis , Brazil/epidemiology , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Hypertension/epidemiology , Ozone/analysis , Particulate Matter/analysis , Sulfur Dioxide/analysisABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o risco para internação por asma em crianças após exposição a poluentes do ar em uma cidade de porte médio do Sudeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico de séries temporais com dados de internação por asma em crianças com até 10 anos de idade residentes em São José dos Campos, SP, e concentrações de material particulado com diâmetro aerodinâmico inferior a 10 micra, dióxido de enxofre e ozônio; foram obtidos dados sobre umidade relativa do ar e temperaturas. Foram estimados os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson para as variáveis do estudo. Para estimar a associação entre as internações por asma e os poluentes do ar, foram construídos modelos aditivos generalizados de regressão de Poisson, segundo defasagens de até sete dias. RESULTADOS: Houve forte correlação entre as internações e os poluentes material particulado e dióxido de enxofre. Exposições a material particulado e dióxido de enxofre estiveram associadas a riscos relativos significativos de 1,01 a 1,04 para internação por asma no mesmo dia e em até três dias após a exposição. Aumentos nas concentrações destes poluentes elevam o risco de internação entre 8% e 19%. CONCLUSÃO: Assim, apresentaram-se evidências da ação de poluentes do ar na internação por asma em uma cidade de porte médio do Sudeste do Brasil.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk of hospitalization for asthma in children after exposure to air pollutants in a medium-sized city in Southeast Brazil. METHODS: An ecological time series study was carried out with hospitalization data for asthma in children under 10 years of age living in São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil, and concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 microns, sulfur dioxide, and ozone; data were also obtained on relative humidity and temperatures. Pearson's coefficient correlation was used for the study variables. To estimate the association between hospitalizations due to asthma and air pollutants, Poisson regression generalized additive models were built, according to lags of up to seven days. RESULTS: There was a strong correlation between hospitalizations and the pollutants particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Exposure to particulate matter and sulfur dioxide were associated with significant relative risks of 1.01 to 1.04 of hospitalization due to asthma on the same day and within three days after exposure. Increases in the concentrations of these pollutants increase the risk of hospitalization between 8% and 19%. CONCLUSION: There is evidence of the effect of air pollutants on asthma hospitalization in a medium-sized city in Southeast Brazil.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Young Adult , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Asthma/etiology , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollution/analysis , Asthma/epidemiology , Asthma/therapy , Brazil/epidemiology , Cities , Epidemiological Monitoring , Ozone/analysis , Ozone/toxicity , Particulate Matter/analysis , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Sulfur Dioxide/adverse effects , Sulfur Dioxide/analysisABSTRACT
No abstract available.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Biomarkers/metabolism , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Immunohistochemistry , Inhalation Exposure , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Nasal Mucosa/drug effects , Ozone/toxicity , Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism , Respiratory Mucosa/drug effects , Skin/drug effectsABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Exposure to ozone and asthma are both associated with increased oxidative stress. Exposure to ozone therefore, may potentiate the airway response to allergens. We undertook this study to investigate the effect of ozone exposure on airway response to ovalbumin in sensitized guinea pigs and its modulation by dietary supplementation with antioxidant vitamins C and E. Methods: After in vivo measurements of specific airways conductance (SGaw) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to inhaled histamine, guinea pigs were sensitized to ovalbumin and divided into three groups: (i) sensitized; (ii) sensitized and exposed daily to ozone; and (iii) sensitized, exposed daily to ozone and given dietary supplementation with vitamin C, 2 mg/kg body wt and E, 7 IU/kg body wt. A control group of nonsensitized animals was included. After 4 wk, AHR was measured again and animals were challenged with inhaled ovalbumin. Changes in SGaw were followed for early and late airway bronchoconstrictive responses. The following measurements were obtained: (i) parameters of oxidative stress - plasma malonaldehyde (MDA) as marker of lipid peroxidation and superoxide anion generation by leukocytes and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells; (ii) antioxidant status: red cell superoxide dismutase (SOD); and (iii) glutathione peroxidase (GPx). BAL cytology was studied. Results: Ozone exposure resulted in an increase in AHR and early and late bronchoconstrictive responses after ovalbumin challenge, greater superoxide anion generation in BAL cells, higher plasma MDA levels and decrease in red cell SOD activity. Dietary supplementation with vitamin C and E prevented or ameliorated these responses. Interpretation & conclusions: Exposure to ozone at concentrations of 0.12 ppm for 2 h daily for 4 wk enhances the airway response to allergens in sensitized guinea pigs. Dietary supplementation with antioxidant vitamins E and C, affords variable degree of protection against this enhancement.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/toxicity , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology , Case-Control Studies , Guinea Pigs , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Male , Ovalbumin/toxicity , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Ozone/toxicity , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/chemically induced , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/metabolism , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/prevention & control , Statistics, Nonparametric , Superoxides/metabolism , Vitamin E/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to assess the association between prenatal exposure to air pollutants and low birth weight in a medium-sized city. An ecological study was performed, using live birth data from São José dos Campos, São Paulo State, Brazil. The environmental data were obtained from the São Paul State Environmental Agency. The study included full-term newborns whose mothers were 20 to 34 years of age and had at least a complete high school education, seven or more prenatal visits, singleton pregnancy, and vaginal delivery, in order to minimize potential confounding from these variables. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of each pollutant. Low birth weight was defined as less than 2,500g. The sample included a total of 2,529 data from 2001 that met the inclusion criteria (25.6 percent of the total). We identified 99 newborns (3.95 percent of the sample) with low birth weight, and the pollutants sulfur dioxide and ozone were associated with low birth weight. The final model was À(x) = -1.79 + 1.30 (SO2) + 1.26 (O3). Thus, sulfur dioxide and ozone were identified as risk factors for low birth weight in a medium-sized city in Southeast Brazil.
O objetivo foi estimar o papel de poluentes no baixo peso ao nascer numa cidade de porte médio. Foi um estudo ecológico com dados obtidos da Declaração de Nascido Vivo relativos a São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados ambientais foram fornecidos pela Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB). Foram incluídos no estudo recém-nascidos a termo, com mães entre 20 e 34 anos de idade, segundo grau completo, sete ou mais consultas realizadas no pré-natal, gravidez única e parto normal, para minimizar o efeito de confusão destas variáveis. Utilizou-se regressão logística para estimar o efeito de cada poluente. Baixo peso ao nascer foi considerado aquele inferior a 2.500g. Foram incluídos 2.529 dados de 2001 que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão (25,6 por cento do total). Identificamos 99 recém-nascidos (3,95 por cento dessa amostra) com baixo peso e os poluentes dióxido de enxofre e ozônio como associados ao baixo peso ao nascer. O modelo final foi À(x) = -1,79 + 1,30 (SO2) + 1,26 (O3). Assim, identificou-se o dióxido de enxofre e ozônio como responsáveis pelo baixo peso ao nascer numa cidade de porte médio do Sudeste brasileiro.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Birth Weight/drug effects , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Maternal Exposure/adverse effects , Ozone/toxicity , Sulfur Dioxide/toxicity , Brazil/epidemiology , Logistic Models , Maternal Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Odds Ratio , Oxidants, Photochemical/toxicity , Prenatal Care , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/chemically induced , Risk Factors , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
To study the effect of ozone in a chronically damaged lung, we used a bleomycin (BLM) induced pulmonary fibrosis model. Both endotracheal instillation of BLM and O3 exposure both produce lung inflammation and fibrosis. Oxidative stress would be a common mechanism of damage for both BLM and O3. Our aim was to assess lung injury induced by 5 and 60 days of intermittent exposure to 0.25 ppm O3 in rats with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Thirty-day-old Sprague Dawley rats were endotracheally instilled with BLM (1 U/100 g body weight) and, 30 days later, exposed to 0.25 ppm O3 (0.25 ppm 4 h per day, 5 days a week). Histopatology controls were instilled with saline and breathing room air. Histopathological evaluation of lungs was done 5 and 60 days after O3 exposure. BLM-induced lung damage did not change after 60 days of intermittent O3 exposure. Five days of O3 exposure increased the mean score of BLM-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis (p=0.06). Frequency of bronchopneumonia increased from 1/7 to 6/6 (p <0.001), suggesting that a short-term exposure to O3 in a previously damaged lung might be a risk factor for developing further lung injury.
Subject(s)
Animals , Infant, Newborn , Rats , Lung Diseases/chemically induced , Ozone/radiation effects , Ozone/toxicity , Models, Animal , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
Allergic airway diseases are related to exposure to atmospheric pollutants, which have been suggested to be one factor in the increasing prevalence of asthma. Little is known about the effect of ozone and diesel exhaust particulates (DEP) on the development or aggravation of asthma. We have used a mouse asthma model to determine the effect of ozone and DEP on airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Methacholine enhanced pause (P(enh)) was measured. Levels of IL-4 and IFN-gamma were quantified in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids by enzyme immunoassays. The OVA-sensitized-challenged and ozone and DEP exposure group had higher P(enh) than the OVA-sensitized-challenged group and the OVA-sensitized-challenged and DEP exposure group, and the OVA-sensitized-challenged and ozone exposure group. Levels of IFN-gamma were decreased in the OVA-sensitized-challenged and DEP exposure group and the OVA-sensitized-challenged and ozone and DEP exposure group compared to the OVA-sensitized-challenged and ozone exposure group. Levels of IL-4 were increased in the OVA-sensitized-challenged and ozone exposure group and the OVA-sensitized-challenged and DEP exposure group, and the OVA-sensitized-challenged and ozone and DEP exposure group compared to OVA-sensitized-challenged group. Co-exposure of ozone and DEP has additive effect on airway hyperresponsiveness by modulation of IL-4 and IFN-gamma suggesting that DEP amplify Th2 immune response.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Asthma/chemically induced , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Combinations , Drug Synergism , Hypersensitivity/complications , Interferon-gamma/immunology , Interleukin-4/immunology , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Ovalbumin , Ozone/toxicity , Pneumonia/chemically induced , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/chemically induced , Vehicle Emissions/toxicityABSTRACT
Plants fumigated with 40ppbv, 80ppbv and 120ppbv concentrations of O3 exhibited significant reduction in total chlorophyll content, RuBP carboxylase activity and net photosynthesis. The reduction in total chlorophyll activity ranged from 12 to 36% in Bauhinia variegata, 11 to 35% in Ficus infectoria and 3 to 26% in Pongamia pinnata on fumigation with O3, while the RuBP carboxylase activity was reduced by 10 to 32% in Bauhinia variegata, 10 to 23% in Ficus infectoria and 9 to 15% in Pongamia pinnata. The net photosynthesis was also reduced by 6 to 26% in B. variegata, 16 to 39% in F. infectoria and 7 to 31% in P. pinnata on fumigation with 03. The relative higher sensitivity of tropical trees to O3 suggests that the ambient air quality standards in tropical tree areas need to be stringent to prevent vegetation from air pollution.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/toxicity , Bauhinia/drug effects , Chlorophyll/analysis , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Environmental Pollution , Ficus/drug effects , Millettia/drug effects , Ozone/toxicity , Photosynthesis/drug effects , Plant Transpiration/drug effects , Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/metabolism , Trees/drug effectsABSTRACT
Potential toxicological interactions of 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and/or dibuthyl phthalate (DBP) on ozone were investigated after 32- and 52-wk exposures using hprt mutation assay. Male and female B6C3F1 mice exposed to ozone (0.5 ppm), NNK (1.0 mg/kg), DBP (5,000 ppm), and two or three combinations of these toxicants 6 h per day for 32- and 52-wk showed increases in the frequencies of TG rlymphocytes compared to the control groups. Additive interactions were noted from two combination groups compared to the ozone alone in both sexes of 32- and 52-wk studies. The most common specific mutation type in the hprt genes of test materials-treated male and female mice was transversion with very few transition. The results indicate that such dominant transversion may be responsible for toxicity and combined exposure to ozone, NNK, and DBP induces additive genotoxicities compared to ozone alone.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Mice , Carcinogens/toxicity , DNA Mutational Analysis , Dibutyl Phthalate/toxicity , Drug Combinations , Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase/genetics , Mutagenicity Tests , Mutation/drug effects , Nitrosamines/toxicity , Ozone/toxicity , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , T-Lymphocytes/drug effectsABSTRACT
Toxic effects of ozone, 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3- pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and/or dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were examined through NF-kappaB, AP-1, Nrf2, and osteopontin (OPN) in lungs and livers of B6C3F1 mice. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) indicated that mice treated with combination of toxicants induced high NF-kappaB activities. Expression levels of p105, p65, and p50 proteins increased in all treated mice, whereas IkB activity was inhibited in NNK-, DBP-, and combination-treated ones. All treated mice except ozone-treated one showed high AP-1 binding activities. Expression levels of c-fos, c-jun, junB, jun D, Nrf2, and OPN proteins increased in all treated mice. Additive interactions were frequently noted from two-toxicant combination mice compared to ozone-treated one. These results indicate treatment of mixture of toxicants increased toxicity through NF-kappaB, AP-1, Nrf2, and OPN. Our data could be applied to the elucidation of mechanism as well as the risk assessment of mixture-induced toxicity.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Blotting, Western , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Dibutyl Phthalate/toxicity , Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay , Kidney/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Mice, Inbred Strains , NF-E2-Related Factor 2 , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Nitrosamines/toxicity , Osteopontin , Ozone/toxicity , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism , Risk Assessment , Sialoglycoproteins/metabolism , Trans-Activators/metabolism , Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolismABSTRACT
Quarenta amostras de leite bovino "in natura" foram submetidas à ozonizaçäo por borbulhamento durante 5 e 10 minutos e, em seguida, mensuraram-se os níveis de ozônio residual por técnica preconizada pela APHA, 1980. Foram observados índices médios de 0,0001751 mg/l e 0,0002055 mg/l de ozônio, respectivamente, para os tempos de 5 e 10 minutos de borbulhamento. Conclui-se ser a técnica adequada para a dosagem e que os índices de ozônio residual encontrados nas amostras sempre estiveram dentro dos limites permitidos, e tidos como inócuos para a saúde humana pela literatura consultada.
Subject(s)
Milk , Ozone/toxicityABSTRACT
Since the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1993, there has been an increasing need to monitor environmental health trends that may be related to the rapid industrialization of the United States/Mexico border. We studied two counties on the California/Baja California border to obtain baseline data on trends in childhood asthma hospitalizations and two pollutants that aggravate asthma, ozone and particulate matter (less than 10 microns in diameter), from 1983 to 1994. Hospital discharge records of children 14 years and younger were analyzed, and rates by county, race, and sex were age-adjusted to the 1990 California population. Data on five ozone and particulate matter indices obtained from the California Environmental Protection Agency were used. Imperial County had the highest childhood asthma hospitalization rates in California for non-Hispanic whites and African-Americans, and the second highest for Hispanics. San Diego County had rates below the state average. Over the County decreased 9 por ciento. Maximum ozone levels increased 64 por ciento in Imperial County but decreased 46 por ciento in San Diego County. High rates of childhood asthma hospitalizations in Imperial County may be partially related to high levels of poverty and worsening air quality conditions produced by increased burdens on the local airshed. Asthma prevalence surveys and binational time-series analyses examining asthma-pollutant relationships are needed
Subject(s)
Ozone/toxicity , Asthma , Prevalence , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Child , Particulate Matter , United States , MexicoABSTRACT
The reaction of ozone with polyunsaturated fatty acids from the surfactant factor and pulmonary epithelial cells produces different reaction products which can cross the alveolar-capillary barrier and reach distant structures. Although only a few papers claim extrapulmonary changes in animals exposed to this gas, some neurological deficits, such as complaints of fatigue, lethargy, headache in humans, as well as significant disarrangements in the sleep pattern related to biochemical changes int he brain have referred to in animals exposed to ozone. In the present review, the molecular configuration and the reaction of ozone at different lung levels are related to impairment at the respiratory and blood systems, in order to elucidate the mechanisms by which this gas or its reaction products, such as free radicals, prostaglandins and others can cross the alveolar-capillary and hemato-encephalic barriers, and to explain those neurological effects